Table of Contents
of the published book (CAR)
Links are to the NOTES section in this website.
Page numbers are, temporarily, the ones of the manuscript version.
Chapters 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Table of Contents 5
Preface 9
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1 Introduction 15
1.1 The themes 15
1.1.1 A dual definition of archaeology 15
1.1.2 Referentiality: grammar and hermeneutics 15
1.1.3 The value and limits of positivism 16
1.1.4 Archaeological reason 16
1.1.5 Structure 17
1.1.6 Archaeological theory and method 17
1.1.7 Digitality 17
1.1.8 Critique 18
1.2 The argument 18
1.3 The companion website 20
1.4 The public impact 21
PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS 23
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2 Archaeology and grammar 25
2.1 The uniqueness of the discipline: archaeology as archaeology 25
2.2 A "critical" definition of archaeology 26
2.2.1 The structural framework 26
2.2.2 Methodology, method, implementation 27
2.2.3 Primary and secondary definitions 28
2.3 Primary definition: inner-referential trace analysis of material cultural remains 29
2.3.1 The three levels of trace analysis 29
2.3.2 Distinctiveness of archaeology in terms of the primary definition 31
2.4 Secondary definition: extra-referential analysis of material cultural remains 33
2.4.1 Referentiality and temporal distance 33
2.4.2 Broken traditions 33
2.5 Approaches to the two definitions 34
2.5.1 Grammar and hermeneutics 34
2.5.2 The projection of meaning: archaeology as social science 35
2.5.3 The appropriation of values: archaeology as humanism 35
2.5.4 Archaeology and texts 37
2.6 Grammar 38
2.6.1 The notion of grammar 38
2.6.2 Economy and power 39
2.6.3 Grammar and codes 39
2.6.4 Shape grammar and grammar of space 40
2.7 The impact of grammar 41
2.7.1 Formalization, digitalization, quantification 41
2.7.2 Capillarity and comprehensiveness 42
2.7.3 Grammatical underpinnings of a time-bound record 43
2.8 A theory of excavation 44
2.8.1 The intellectual dimension of field work 44
2.8.2 Observation and inference 44
2.8.3 Structural archaeology 45
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3 Categorization 47
3.1 Grammar and categorization 47
3.2 Definition and definitions 47
3.3 Synchrony and diachrony 48
3.4 Structural aspects 49
3.4.1 Closed and open systems: "-emic" and "(e)-tic" 49
3.4.2 Binary oppositions 51
3.4.3 Distributional arrays 52
3.4.4 Paradigms 53
3,5 Procedures 54
3.5.1 Trees and nodes 54
3.5.2 Attribute analysis 55
3.6 Minimal constituents, morphemes, morphs, allomorphs 56
3.7 Technique and method 56
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4 The search for objectivity 58
4.1 Objectivity as calibration of perception 58
4.2 The record: stratification and stratigraphy 59
4.3 The objectivity of grammar 60
4.4 Emplacement and deposition: a basic antinomy 61
4.5 Operational aspects of stratigraphic analysis 62
4.6 Observation as the foundation of objectivity 63
4.6.1 Primacy of atomistic observations 63
4.6.2 Irreplaceability and explicitness of original observations 64
4.6.3 Precision and accuracy 64
4.6.4 merit of minimalism 65
4.7 The nature of strategy 66
4.7.1 The fluidity of observation 66
4.7.2 Strategy and tactics 67
PART TWO ANALYSIS 69
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5 Stratigraphic analysis 71
5.1 The nature of stratigraphic analysis 71
5.2 Emplacement: the overriding significance of contacts 71
5.2.1 The notion of contiguity 71
5.2.2 Direct contact 72
5.2.3 Indirect contacts 73
5.2.4 Assessment of contacts 74
5.2.5 In search of laws 76
5.3 Deposition: time as function of space 77
5.3.1 An archaeological inference 77
5.3.2 Emplacement as a clue to deposition 77
5.3.3 Strata definition and strata assignment 77
5.3.4 Automatic derivation of strata sequence 78
5.4 Conceptualization 78
5.5 Documentation 79
5.5.1 The nature of documentation 79
5.5.2 The digital and grammatical dimensions 80
5.5.3 The basic principles of documentation 81
5.5.4 The mechanics of the input 82
5.5.5 The significance of feedback in the input phase 82
5.6 In praise of theory 83
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6 Typological analysis 85
6.1 The elements: features and items 85
6.2 Archaeological typology 85
6.3 Formal analysis of single elements: morphology 86
6.3.1 Three types of morphological analysis 86
6.3.2 Principles of compositional analysis 87
6.3.3 Principles of manufacturing analysis 88
6.3.4 Principles of functional analysis 90
6.4 Formal analysis of assemblages: taxonomy 91
6.4.1 The notion of assemblage 91
6.4.2 Patterned ordering of attributes within assemblages 92
6.4.3 Structuring principle 93
6.4.4 Beyond formal analysis 93
6.4.5 The coherence of the whole 94
6.5 Typology and stratigraphy 94
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7 Integrative analysis 97
7.1 A secondary typological dimension 97
7.2 The nature of integration 97
7.2.1 Stratigraphy and typology 97
7.2.2 Typologies 98
7.2.3 The cost of integration 99
7.2.4 Integration vs. juxtaposition 99
7.2.5 Beyond extrinsicism 100
7.3 Integrative procedures 100
7.3.1 Method and technique in relationship to the inventory 100
7.3.2 An open sensitivity 101
7.4 Method: inventory specific 102
7.4.1 Homogeneous inventories 102
7.4.2 Heterogeneous archaeological inventories 103
7.4.3 Heterogeneous non-archaeological inventories 104
7.5 Technique: non inventory specific 106
7.5.1 Techniques as non inventory specific procedures 106
7.5.2 Science and techniques 107
7.6 A grammatical approach to style 108
7.7 Two types of extra-referential integration 110
7.8 The role of integrative analysis within the Global Record 110
7.8.1 The creation of the record 110
7.8.2 The fruition of the record 111
PART THREE THE REASSEMBLED CONSTRUCT 113
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8 The invention of a site 115
8.1 The reconfiguration of the finds 115
8.2 The physical and referential nature of the record 116
8.3 The constitutive nature of the record 117
8.4 The publication as embodiment of the record 118
8.5 Selectivity and the question of “non-data” 120
8.6 The great transfer 121
8.7 The interpretive filters 122
8.8 The basic presuppositions 123
8.9 The delay in archaeological publishing 123
8.10 A definitive publication 124
8.11 The maieutics of archaeology 125
8.12 Socially responsible archaeology and the question of identity 126
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9 The physical record 128
9.1 Disposition 128
9.2 Conservation 129
9.3 Restoration 130
9.4 Reconstruction 132
9.5 Storage of movable items 133
9.6 Curation 135
9.7 Access 135
9.8 The site as a book 136
9.8.1 Staging the past 137
9.8.2 Scholarly concerns 138
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10 The referential record 139
10.1 Reassembling the "raw" data 139
10.2 The fragmented evidence and the sequential argument 139
10.3 The documentation 140
10.3.1 The documentary record 140
10.3.2 Databases 141
10.3.3 Passive digital publication 141
10.3.4 Documentary visualization 142
10.3.5 Statistical elaboration 144
10.4 The narrative 144
10.4.1 The textual narrative 144
10.4.2 Excavation reports 145
10.4.3 Argument based narratives 145
10.4.4 Conclusion based narrative 146
10.5 Perceptual visualization 146
10.6 Virtual reality 147
10.7 The stakeholders, proximate and remote 148
10.8 Public outreach 149
10.9 The grammatical dimension 150
PART FOUR THE PRIVILEGED VENUE 153
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11 Digital thought 155
11.1 Bracing the distance 155
11.1.1 The pre-digital phase 155
11.1.2 The digital innovation 156
11.1.3 Intentional dislocation 157
11.2 Structuring the data 157
Discontiguity 157
11.2.2 Capillarity of nodes 158
11.2.3 Integration of arrays 160
11.3 Structuring the argument 161
11.3.1 Discontinuity and sequentiality 161
11.3.2 Multilinear sequences 162
11.3.3 Polyhedral argument 163
11.3.4 Non-systemic sequences 164
11.3.5 Fluidity of structure and deconstruction 165
11.3.6 Semantic and lexical webs 166
11.4 The implicit argument 167
11.4.1 The data base as an argument 167
11.4.2 The argument function of sorting 168
11.4.3 The argument function of a word search 169
11.4.4 Evaluation 170
11.5 The narrative argument 170
11.5.1 Digital discourse, narrative, text 170
11.5.2 Primary and secondary narrative arguments 171
11.5.3 Automation: the primary narrative argument 172
11.5.4 The secondary narrative argument 173
11.6 Digital humanities and digital humanism 173
11.6.1 Digital humanities: the technical domain 173
11.6.2 Digital humanism: the conceptual domain 174
11.6.3 Perception 174
11.6.4 The reach of artificial constructs 176
11.7 The para-digital dimension 177
11.8 The notion of digital thought 178
11.9 A historical perspective on digital thought 179
11.9.1 Orality 179
11.9.2 From pre-literate to para-literate 180
11.9.3 Discontinuity and non-linearity 181
11.9.4 Becoming literate 182
11.9.5 From the Encycoplédie to digitality 184
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12 Digital text 186
12.1 The notion of digital text 186
12.2 The reader 187
12.2.1 Perceptual discontinuity 187
12.2.2 The persons: user vs. reader 187
12.2.3 The actions: consulting vs. studying 189
12.2.4 Hyperlinks – informational and thematic 191
12.2.5 Reading and digital reading 191
12.3 The author 192
12.3.1 Structural discontinuity 192
12.3.2 The merging of the three levels 193
12.3.3 The new continuity 193
12.4 Digital discourse 194
12.4.1 "One long argument" 194
12.4.2 Tensionality 195
12.4.3 Reconfiguration 196
12.4.4 Centering and grammaticality 197
12.4.5 Self-declaration 198
12.5 The heightened perception 199
12.6 Compositional mechanisms 200
12.6.1 Pointers to compositional structure 200
12.6.2 The outer limits 200
12.6.3 The frame 201
12.6.4 Titled segmentation 202
12.6.5 Markers 203
12.6.6 Hyperlinks 204
12.6.7 The extended evidentiary base 205
12.7 Bibliographical status 206
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13 The archaeological record 208
13.1 Archaeological digital thought 208
13.2 Conceptual digitality of the archaeological data 209
13.2.1 The primacy of atomism 209
13.2.2 Finality of the fragment 210
13.2.3 Quantification and the anchoring bias 211
13.3 The role of observation 212
13.3.1 The dynamics of the record 212
13.3.2 The observation as a structuring moment 212
13.3.3 The input as argument 213
13.4 "Ontologies" and the semantic web 215
13.4.1 Grammatical and hermeneutical aspects 215
13.4.2 "Ontologies" as grammars 216
13.4.3 The semantic web as hermeneutics 217
13.5 An archaeological record in practice 217
13.5.1 A test case 217
13.5.2 Global Record and Browser Edition 218
13.5.3 The semantics of automation 219
13.5.4 Intrinsic vs. extrinsic integration 220
13.5.5 Compositional matters 221
13.5.6 The basal data 222
13.5.7 The scripts 223
13.5.8 The dialectics of alternate registers 223
13.5.9 Interactivity 224
13.5.10 Globality 225
13.5.11 Publication 226
13.5.12 Portability 227
13.5.13 Bibliographical status 228
13.5.14 The presentation component of the browser edition 228
PART FIVE THE WIDER FRAME 231
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14 The relevance of structure 233
14.1 Structure 233
14.2 The Kantian model 233
14.2.1 The nature of the impact 233
14.2.2 The organization of my argument 235
14.3 Tensionality – the Kantian intuition 235
14.3.1 Introductory 235
14.3.2 The notion of "bracing" 236
14.3.3 "Transcendental" 237
14.3.4 "Critique" and grammar 237
14.4 Tensionality – the implications 238
14.4.1 Open and closed structures 238
14.4.2 The overlay of structural systems 239
14.4.3 Binary opposition 240
14.5 Inclusivity – the Kantian intuition 240
14.5.1 Introductory 240
14.5.2 "Analytics" 241
14.5.3 Totality: "unity" and "synthesis" as structure 241
14.5.4 The constitutive elements: "subdivison" and "dissection" 242
14.6 Inclusivity –the implications 243
14.6.1 Univocal relationship among structural elements 243
14.6.2 Scalarity 243
14.6.3 Rules 244
14.6.4 Distributional analysis 245
14.6.5 Grammatical and inferential structures 246
14.7 Referentiality – the Kantian intuition 247
14.7.1 Introductory 247
14.7.2 Referential levels 247
14.7.3 A homeostatic system and the external referent 248
14.7.4 "Metaphysics" 249
14.7.5 The substantive nature of the referential dimension 249
14.7.6 "Reason" 250
14.7.7 "Dialectics" 251
14.8 Referentiality – the implications 251
14.8.1 The external referent 251
14.8.2 Interlocking systems 253
14.8.3 A world encased 253
14.8.4 Semiotics 254
14.9 A systemic cohesiveness 255
14.10 The Kantian legacy 256
14.10.1 Three stages 256
14.10.2 The ultimate impact 258
14.11 Para-perception and the transcendental revolution 259
14.12 A critique of "human" reason 259
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15 The critical approach 261
15.1 Reason and "reasons" 261
15.2 Pure and impure reason 262
15.3 Critique, "critical theory," metaphysics 263
15.4 Archaeological data 264
15.5 Archaeological reason 265
15.6 A critique of archaeological reason 266
15.7 A critical approach to archaeology 266
15.8 Referential levels 268
15.9 Observation and degrees of inference 268
15.10 A critical approach to stratigraphy 269
15.10.1 Excavation 269
15.10.2 Emplacement 270
15.10.3 Deposition 271
15.10.4 Stratigraphy 271
15.10.5 Other stratigraphies 272
15.11 A critical approach to typology 272
15.11.1 The structuring principle 272
15.11.2 The structured whole 273
15.11.3 The meeting of two reasons: selection and classification 274
15.11.4 Classes, types and allotypes 275
15.11.5 Inventories, assemblages and sampling 276
15.11.6 A note on terminology 276
15.11.7 Patterned singularity 277
15.11.8 Synchrony and diachrony 277
15.11.9 Patterns of production 278
15.2 A critical approach to interpretation 278
15.12.1 The nature of the evidence 278
15.12.2 An "uncritical" theory of archaeology 279
15.12.3 The merits of "uncritical theory" 280
15.12.4 Interpretation and theory of interpretation 280
15.13 Archaeology and philosophy 281
15.14 Metaarchaeology 282
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16 Hermeneutics 283
16.1 The question of meaning 283
16.2 The premise of grammar 283
16.2.1 Grammar and meaning 283
16.2.2 Distributional and structural analysis 284
16.2.3 The urgency of grammar 286
16.3 Semiotics within hermeneutics 286
16.3.1 Mending the brokenness: semiotics for a broken tradition 286
16.3.2 Distribution 287
16.3.3 Linking 288
16.3.4 The other side of semiotics: perceptual analysis 289
16.3.5 Reconstituting perception 290
16.4 The possibility of meaning 291
16.4.1 Presuppositions 291
16.4.2 Clustering 292
16.4.3 The structural trigger 293
16.4.4 The hermeneutic risk 294
16.4.5 Potential grammaticalization 295
16.4.6 The coherence of the system 295
16.5 The retrieval of consciousness: cognitive archaeology 296
16.6 The two hermeneutics 297
16.6.1 Hermeneutics as invention 298
16.6.2 Hermeneutics as appropriation 298
16.6.3 Hermeneutics of broken traditions 299
16.7 Archaeology and history 300
16.8 A pre-linguistic hermeneutics 301
16.8.1 Para-perceptual communication 301
16.8.2 The autonomy of the referent 302
16.8.3 Levels of signification 302
16.9 Academic alignments and intellectual domains 303
16.9.1 Epoché, empathy, assent 303
16.9.2 Social sciences and the humanities 304
16.9.3 "Undiseased by hypothesis": the humanities and theory 305
16.9.4 Culture and experience: mediation of patterns and immediacy of fruition 306
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17 Conclusion 307
17.1 Archaeological reason 307
17.2 Grammar and hermeneutics 307
17.3 Structural archaeology 308
17.4 Archaeology and linguistics 308
17.5 Archaeology, digitality and philosophy 308
17.6 Archaeological reason for a living tradition 309
17.7 Critique and theory 310
Subject index 311
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